|
Reaction
|
What
Happens
|
Example
in the Body
|
Oxidation/Reduction
|
Oxidation is the
removal of electron(s). The electron(s) are passed to the
other reactant which is then "reduced." For more
details, see Redox
Reactions from Boyer's Biochemistry. |
Glycolysis, the Krebs
Cycle, and the reactions of the Electron Transport Chain involve
the transfer of electrons (at varying energy states) by oxidation/reduction
reactions. |
| Hydrolysis |
Cleavage of a bond by water.
The water is added in the reaction. |
A disaccharide (sucrose) reacts
with water and two monosaccharides are formed. |
| Dehydration
or Condensation |
See
dehydration synthesis vs. hydolysis. |
Disaccharide are
formed by combination of two monosaccharides by dehydration
synthesis. |
| Decarboxylation |
The removal of a CO2
from a molecule. |
The oxidative decarboxylation
of pyruvate in the Krebs Cycle. Products are acetyl CoA, NADH
and CO2. |
| Phosphorolysis |
Cleavage of a bond
by inorganic phosphate (phosphoric acid). |
Glycogen phosphorylase
utilizes inorganic phosphate (phosphorolysis) to produce glucose1-phosphate.
The advantage of phosphorolytic cleavage is that glucose-1-phosphate
is formed without the need for ATP, and the concentration
of inorganic phosphate (Pi) is high enough to drive the reaction
in the favorable direction. |
| Phosphorylation |
The transfer of a
phosphate group to an organic molecule. |
The synthesis of
ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. |
| Transamination
|
The removal of the
amino group from the amino acid. The amino group is then "put
on" a keto acid. |
Transamination occurs
before deamination and is useful in the removal of excess
nitrogen, and in teh use of amino acids in the TCA cycle.
For more on Amino
Acid Metabolism (from Ngee
Ann Polytechnic, Singapore). |
| Deamination |
The removal of an amino group.
|
Digested proteins (amino acids)
enter the citric acid cycle after removal of amino groups.
|
| Esterification |
Carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol. |
|
| Transmethylation
|
|
|
